Wpływ domieszki etanolu na parametry pracy silnika i zanieczyszczenie środowiska
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ADMIXTURE OF ETHANOL ON THE WORK PARAMETERS THE ENGINE AND THE FOULING OF THE ENVIRONMENT
Obtainment
of the information in the range of the proportional type – matter of
the mixture of unleaded petrol, is the cardinal contents of this study
Pb–95 with the drained ethanol and additions modifying (the originator
of the ignition, emulsifier of water, stabilizer of burning, inhibitor
of corrosion) to the admission present engine about the ignition
sparkle, without the of introducing in him the changes constructional
necessities and the changes parameters of the programmer of the
arrangement of the injection’s engine – is the cardinal contents of this
study.
Key words: combustion engines, alternative fuel, ethanol, partial biases, environment
B. Żółtowski, P. Stanowski str. 209
Łąki „Linice” w Borach Tucholskich – historia, struktura fitocenoz i zagrożenia
THE “LINICE” MEADOWS COMPLEX IN THE TUCHOLA PINEWOODS: HISTORY, STRUCTURE OF PHYTOCOENOSES, AND THREATS
Excessive
drainage of wet meadows leads to unfavorable and irreversible soil
changes and results in quantitative alternations to the plant cover.
Formerly
common, communities of the Calthion alliance typically yield to poor
forms of fresh meadows. Attempts at their intensification with
insufficient water supply don’t bring positive effects. Many of the
meadows got degraded in the Tuchola Pinewood as well.
The natural
character of the phytocoenoses can be preserved with subsoil water
tricklings, to be observed in the “Linice” meadow complex in the valleys
of Śliwiczka and Prusina. The phytocoenoses reported there mainly
represent communities of the Calthion alliance: Angelico–Cirsietum
oleracei, Scirpetum sylvatici and Caricetum cespitosae. Moreover, the
reed beds of Caricetum acutiformis are being formed. Over–drying leads
to spreading the Arrhenatheretalia ordo species, while stopping the
cultivation leads in a short time to overgrowth by woody species.
Where
the moisture level is appropriate, the existing communities are
endangered mainly by abandonment of meadows or over–intensification.
Key words: wet meadows, Calthion alliance, Tuchola Pinewood, drainage
T. Stosik, E. Krasicka–Korczyńska str. 217
Zmienność zawartości metali śladowych w osadach fluwialnych środkowego odcinka rzeki Odry po powodzi w 2010 r.
THE VARIABILITY OF TRACE METALS CONCENTRATIONS IN FLUVIAL SEDIMENTS OF THE MIDDLE ODRA RIVER AFTER THE FLOOD IN 2010
During
the flooding events, river sediments, which often act like a sink for
trace metals, are deposited on the floodplain. Consequently an extra
load of metal content may be added to the fluvial sediments. In this
study total (mineralized in HNO3), actual available (0.01M CaCl2
extractable) concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead
and zinc were analyzed in fluvial sediments of the Middle Odra River
after the flood in 2010. The sediment samples were collected from
surface (0–30 cm) and subsurface (30–60 cm) along four cross–sections
characterized by different width (between 44 m and 360 m). Also the
physico–chemical properties of sediments were investigated and their
influence on trace metals concentrations.
Key words: trace metals, available forms, fluvial sediments, Odra River
A. Ibragimow, B. Walna str. 227
Bezodpadowe
i bezemisyjne oczyszczanie spalin z SO2/NOx na przykładzie technologii
oczyszczania gazów odlotowych z wykorzystaniem wiązki elektronów (EBFGT)
WASTE–FREE
AND EMISSION–FREE EXHAUST GAS TREATMENT SYSTEM OF SO2/NOX EXAMPLE OF
TECHNOLOGY GAS TREATMENT USING ELECTRON BEAMS (EBFGT)
Purification of
combustion gases polluting the environment is not a new problem, but
due to the fact that in recent years are increasing stringency of
emission limits on these gases to the atmosphere from the European Union
legislation, the intention of the authors is to present the issue.
Therefore,
based on the latest Don–hall literature, the authors intend to present
in this paper a modern coal combustion technologies for energy,
satisfying the conditions: zero harmful emissions and waste. Moreover,
the approach will be presented, “the source” – the action ex ante, i.e.
the elimination of harmful environmental effects throughout the
manufacturing process and useful for management of by–products – waste
(value addition).
Work processes satisfying the requirements of zero
emissions, zero waste will be discussed on the example of the latest
technologies implemented in the Polish power plants, “Kawęczyn near
Warsaw” and “Pomorzany – Szczecin”, this product. Chemical processes
occurring in the removal of exhaust gases in this process will also be
approximated. This paper is a review based on research reports of
solid–temperature, which will be discussed in particular the use of
electron beam to the waste–less conversion of NOx and SO2 in the final
products useful mainly on the basis of teams A.G. Chmielewski and J.
Licki. The paper also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of
EBFGT technology. Also will be moved the legal aspect related to the
limitations of SO2/NOx emissions into the atmosphere governed by EU
legislation. Also will be shown the EU countries which in the past two
decades reduced emissions of greenhouse gases. The impact of pollution
on plant and animal organisms and the health of man is underlined.
Key
words: zero emission technologies and zero waste, emissions of SO2 /NOx
and their effects; technology EBFGT, EU Directive emission SO2 /NOx ,
useful products, advantages and disadvantages of EBFGT
J. Sławiński, A. Matłoka str. 238
Badania nad obecnością metali ciężkich w glebie na terenie ferm świń
RESEARCH OF PRESENCE HEAVY METALS IN SOIL IN AREA OF THE SWINE FARMS
Soil
in various areas of the swine farm can be polluted heavy metals, which
may cumulate in plants and get into people and animal organism. Research
was undertaken to determine the degree of soil contamination with heavy
metals (Pb, Zn, Mn) in various areas on a swine farm. The samples for
tests were collected from the following places: the swine yard, the dung
plate – at the distance of 5 and 10 m, and the fattening house – at the
distance of 5 and 10 m. The soil samples underwent hot mineralization
in concentrated nutric (V) acid and chloric (VII) (perchloric) acid, and
then the content of lead, zinc and manganese was established using the
method of atomic absorption spectrometry. The results of the analyses
were compared with the limit contents of heavy metals established by
IUNG and limit numbers for metals in selected countries of the European
Union. The highest content of lead was noted in the swine yard. The
average content of lead in this area was 29,8 mg . kgˉ¹ and the maximum –
31,0. The established contents of lead in various areas of the swine
farm are within the zero degree soil contamination this radical.
According the classification, the contents of zinc established by us,
qualifies the soil for the zero degree contamination with heavy metals.
The same as two others radicals, the highest concentration of manganese
has been found in the soil of the swine yard. The average content of
this element was 339,8 mg . kgˉ¹ and the maximum – 370,5. In analyzed
samples of soil in various farm objects didn’t constitute any
significant danger of contamination with heavy metals. The differences
were noted in content heavy metals depend from the place collect the
samples for the tests. The highest content analyzed radicals were
collected in the soil of the swine yard.
Key words: pig farms, soil, heavy metals
B. Szostak str. 247
Wstępna ocena wykorzystania instalacji słonecznych do podgrzewania ciepłej wody użytkowej na przykładzie Ośrodka w Ostoi
A
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE SOLAR DOMESTIC HOT–WATER SYSTEM ON AN
EXAMPLE OF THE TRAINING AND RESEARCH CENTER FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
IN OSTOJA
In the paper an assessment of the influence of
meteorological conditions on the working fluid temperature in the solar
collectors was analyzed. For that purpose data from the solar system
installed in the Training and Research Center for Renewable Energy
Sources in Ostoja was used. The measured data such as ambient
temperature and the total of solar radiation effort was used to
calculate operating parameters of a flat liquid solar collector battery.
Power, average absorber temperature, working fluid outlet temperature
and average collector temperature were evaluated. The analysis was
performed for twelve months from 1st of December 2008 to 30th of
November 2009. Comparison of a real value of the working fluid outlet
temperature from the solar system with the values obtained from
calculations was made. Measured temperature of the working fluid at the
outlet of the solar collector battery showed similar values to the
theoretical ones. The obtained results demonstrated that the most
profitable period on exploitation of the solar collector battery is from
April to September. During this period, the working fluid is able to
transfer enough energy to heat water for utility purposes. While during
other months it seems appropriate to exclude the solar system from
service in the Training and Research Center for Renewable Energy Sources
in Ostoja, because of too low value of the energy flux density of solar
radiation. To sum up, performed analysis showed that the solar system
can be a main source of hot water during six months in the West
Pomeranian province.
Key words: solar collector, absorber, energy
flux density of solar radiation, heating hot water,
weather/meteorological conditions
A. Przewłocka, P. Pianko–Oprych str. 251
Analiza osadów dennych pod kątem ich właściwości nawozowych
THE ANALYSIS OF BOTTOM SEDIMENTS IN TERMS OF THEIR FERTILIZING PROPERTIES
In
paper the characterize of sediments as product to nature usage was
done. Analyzed material was taken from ecological treatment system
located in wastewater treatment plant in Swarzewo (Pomerania Region)
about flow Q= 6000 m3•d–1. Measurements of dry matter and organic
matter content, as well as nitrogen concentrations and phosphorus
fractions: loosely bound on surface of sediments particles (NH4Cl–P),
bound with iron compounds (Fe–P), bound with aluminum and organic matter
(NaOH–P), bound with magnesium and calcium (HCl–P) and in insoluble
compounds with mineral and organic character (Res.–P). Also the
concentration of six heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd) along the
profile of sediments were determined. On the basis of obtained results
in sediments it was found the high concentration of nitrogen (from 3.0
to 4.23% d.m.). Moreover the sediments are the rich source of
phosphorus directly assimilable by plants. The part of bioavailable form
(sum of NH4Cl–P, Fe–P, NaOH–P fractions) was about 80.0% of total
phosphorus. It was proved that average concentrations of analyzed metals
in sediments were below permissible values described by Polish law for
agricultural usage. Problem in agricultural usage poses high moisture
and presence of pathogens – pathogenic bacteria, protozoa, fungus and
parasites.
Key words: Ecological Treatment Systems (ETS), sediments, fractions of phosphorus, nutrients, heavy metals
A. Tuszyńska, K. Kołecka str. 259
Zanieczyszczenia powietrza w środowisku pracy podczas przecinania ściernicowego ręcznego i możliwości ich ograniczenia
WORK ENVIRONMENT AIR CONTAMINATION DURING MANUAL ABRASIVE CUTTING AND POSSIBILITIES OF ITS LIMITATION
Abrasive cutting using grinding wheels is a process which takes place
on a mass scale – around 25 million grinding wheels are sold annually on
the Polish market alone. Grinding wheels can pose many health and
safety hazards, specially breathing in dusts can cause respiratory
problems. Even when a grinding wheel is tested and equipped with all
possible safety devices, grinding is still a hazardous activity. This
creates a major environmental hazard in the form of dust and smoke
released into the air. The article presents a threat of environmental
pollution of air dust, metals and gases in a closed room when cutting
steel bars with aloxite grinding wheels. Comparative assessment of the
internal air pollutants, using a grinding wheel with a diameter of 230
mm of five producers was based on 30 intersections of each wheel, steel
rod with a diameter of 20 mm. Using a special container has allowed more
than 30 times to reduce environmental risks to a level not exceeding
the exposure limits.
Key words: aloxite grinding wheel, abrasive cutting, air pollution, absorber of pollution
E. Klugmann–Radziemska, H. Biegalski str. 267
Koncentracja oraz mobilność fosforu i siarki w jęczmieniu jarym w zależności od nawożenia
CONCENTRATION AND MOBILITY OF PHOSPHORUS AND SULPHUR IN SPRING BARLEY PLANTS DEPENDING ON FERTILISATION
The
paper presents the results of research on the concentration and the
mobility of phosphorus and sulphur in spring barley fertilised with
varied FYM rates (20, 40, t•ha–1) and with nitrogen (40, 80 and 120 kg
N•ha–1) against the contents of those elements in a Luvisol. A high
content of available phosphorus in soil according to the criteria
provided for in PN–R–04023 [1996] classifies it to the class II. The
content of sulphate sulphur was, on average, 17.80 mg . kg–1, which
qualifies it as the soil according to the boundary numbers of the
content of sulphur in mineral soils as representing the soil of a high
content of that nutrient. The highest value (ITS) of sulphur was
observed for nitrogen fertilisation at the rate of 40 kg.ha–1. As for
sulphur, a decreasing value of the translocation coefficient with an
increase in the rate of ammonium nitrate was noted. The highest nitrogen
rate caused in a decrease in Pog in the spring barley biomass for the
FYM application at the rate of both 20 t•ha–1 and 40 t•ha–1. It was
found that the translocation of phosphorus and sulphur from the
underground spring barley parts to the overground ones was changing
depending on the kind and the rate of the fertilisers applied.
Key words: spring barley, yield, phosphorus, sulphur, nitrogen, FYM.
J. Lemanowicz, A. Siwik–Ziomek str. 276