Stan, zagrożenia i ochrona ekosystemu Morza Bałtyckiego
ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS, THREATS AND PROTECTION OF THE BALTIC SEA ECOSYSTEM
Owing
to its hydrography and bottom topography as well as strong
anthropogenic pressure, the ecosystem of the Baltic Sea is extremely
susceptible to degradation. The Baltic’s connection with the Atlantic is
complex, therefore oceanic effects, evident as inflows of saline and
well–oxygenated water, are usually weak. The suite of environmental
threats to the Baltic includes increased concentrations of nutrients
leading to eutrophication. This phenomenon is manifested by
phytoplankton blooms. Particularly noteworthy are the summer
cyanobacterial blooms as they affect the shores important for tourism
and recreation, and enhance oxygen deficiency in the near–bottom water
of the Baltic deeps. Degradation effects include also inputs, and
maintenance, of pollutants. The most important of those include
chloroorganics (DDT, PCBs), aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy (trace)
metals. A potential threat is posed also by the appearance of
non–indigenous species. The list of alien species in the Baltic Sea
becomes extended almost every year, a total of 98 non–indigenous species
being recorded in the Baltic in the first decade of the 21st century
(beginning from the earliest records dating back to the 12th century).
The presence of some alien species, e.g., the round goby (Neogobius
melanostomus) or the predatory waterflea (Cercopages pengoi) may be both
an ecological and economic issue. Improvement of the environmental
status of the Baltic Sea and reduction of the present threats is in the
focus of attention of a number of inter– and non–governmental
initiatives and actions. Their success, although expected to be achieved
in the future, are beginning to be perceived already today.
Key words: Baltic Sea, eutrophication, algal blooms, invasive species, HELCOM
T. Radziejewska, R. Staniszewski str. 135
Ocena osadów ściekowych, pomiotu kurzego oraz gnojowicy z hodowli trzody chlewnej jako substratów w procesie kofermentacji
ASSESSMENT OF SEWAGE SLUDGE, POULTRY AND PIG MANURE AS SUBSTRATES
IN CO–DIGESTION PROCESS
Sewage
sludge, poultry and pig manure were analyzed in order to determine
their suitability for anaerobic digestion. Physical–chemical composition
(total and organic solids, total nitrogen and phosphorous) and the
content of particular metals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb) were
investigated. Separate anaerobic digestion of all analyzed substrates is
less efficient and not always economically justified. Sewage sludge is
susceptible to changes of the digestion process parameters. Poultry and
pig manure are characterized by high content of ammonium nitrogen, which
can inhibit the digestion performance and biogas production, moreover,
poultry manure requires dilution prior digestion due to the high content
of total solids. The anaerobic co–digestion of all analyzed substrates
enables the process optimization and reduces the negative impact of
individual substrates.
Key words: sewage sludge, poultry manure, pig manure, co–digestion
J. Domański, S. Borowski str. 143
Problem recyklingu poliuretanów spienionych freonami
THE PROBLEM OF RECYCLING POLYURETHANE FOAMED CHLOROFLUOROCARBON
It
is presented the problem of recycling of polyurethane foam and were
included the idea of identification chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) included in
polyurethane foam. Identification of the CFC is a necessary step in
waste recycling of polyurethane foam and recovery of CFC as compounds
harmful to the atmosphere. The presented method of distinguishing the
polyurethanes containing CFC is inexpensive and feasible in a company
whose business profile includes an collection and recycling of
electronic and electrical engineering.
Key words: waste, polyurethane foam, chlorofluorocarbon
J. Pach str. 148
Proces
odparowania rozpuszczalnika jako istotny etap procedury przygotowania
próbek środowiskowych do oznaczania wybranych zanieczyszczeń
organicznych
SOLVENT EVAPORATION AS AN IMPORTANT STEP IN SAMPLE PREPARATION METHOD PRIOR TO ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIC POLLUTANTS ANALYSIS
In
many sample preparation methods the process of a solvent evaporation is
usually included. The purpose is to increase the analytes’
concentration in the sample. This step could be performed in many ways
i.e.: using the rotavapor, Kuderna–Danish apparatus and in a gentle
stream of ambient gas or using commercially available automated systems.
Another aim of the solvent evaporation is to make the sample (extract)
compatible with the clean up technique or with the final analysis
method. In this article the characteristics of various solvent
evaporation techniques were presented. Advantages and disadvantages of
various solvent evaporation methods were discussed. The sources of
errors during solvent evaporation were described and the possible
methods of the errors elimination were proposed. One of the solution is
the addition of a high boiling point solvent (keeper) during the
evaporation step. Repeatability of the solvent evaporation process is a
necessary condition to get reasonable final results.
Key words: sample preparation, environmental pollutants analysis, solvent evaporation, solvent exchange, keeper
H. Dąbrowska, Ł. Dąbrowski str. 153
Ocena wartości paszowej runi z łąk użytkowanych według zaleceń programów rolnośrodowiskowych
ASSESSMENT OF FORAGE SWARD VALUE FROM MEADOWS UTILIZED ACCORDING TO THE AGRI–ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAM RECOMMENDATIONS
Studies,
conducted to evaluate the quality and yielding of meadows utilized
according to agri–environment program guidelines for double–cut,
semi–natural meadows (variant P01b), were carried out between 2006 and
2009 and covered and area of 158 ha of meadows located on hydrogenic
soils located within the central part of the Bydgoszcz Canal Valley. 109
species of vascular plants comprising the agricultural yield were
identified, including 19 grass species, 7 papilionaceus species, 21
species from the sage and rush family as well as 65 species from other
botanical groups, primarily dicotyledonous, among those two protected
species: Ostericum palustre and Dactylorhiza incarnata. Grasses
comprised and average of 48% of the sward, papilionaceus slightly above
1%, sage and rush 21% and the remaining species 30% of the sward. High
participation of plants of low usefulness value contributed to the fact
that the average synthetic indicators of sward quality measured as
usefulness value numbers were in the lower boarders of a low quality
sward. Chemical analysis indicated a very low amount of total protein,
excessive amount of crude fiber, low amount of phosphorus and an
extremely low amount of potassium. These results indicate that the first
cut was harvested too late, allowing the soil to be depleted of
phosphorus and potassium. The sward of the second cut was characterized
by higher fodder values, particularly by higher amount of total protein
and lower amount of crude fiber. Despite the hydrogenic nature of the
studied meadows, the amount and frequency of rainfall during the
vegetative season had a significant impact on the yield. The average
yield of 3,54 t•ha–1 combined with its low quality result in the lack of
interest in the fodder aspect of meadow utilization. Instead these
meadows are used to gain funding from the agri–environment programs
resources.
Key words: meadows, agri–environmental programs, botanical composition, field, quality of sward
R. Dembek, R. Łyszczarz str. 162
Ocena efektywności ochrony czynnej w rezerwacie Polana Siwica
EVALUATION OF THE ACTIVE CONSERVATION EFFECTIVENESS IN SIWICA GLADE RESERVE (BOLIMOWSKI LANDSCAPE PARK)
Siwica
Glade Reserve was established in 1998 for the protection of plant cover
and fauna in the mid–forest clearings of Bolimowski Landscape Park. It
is an important reservoir of biodiversity for Central Poland. An active
conservation of nature has been continued for thirteen years there.
However, it has been implemented without any plan, which reduced its
effectiveness. Despite this, condition of meadows and rushes of Siwica
Glade was retained and even improved thanks to active conservation. It
is necessary to develop a document allowing to lead a conservation in
accordance to actual needs. Siwica Glade can and should become an
important testing ground for research in the effectiveness of
conservation methods for meadow ecosystems. Presently studies in the
Siwica Glade Reserve are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of
active conservation implemented there.
Key words: Siwica Glade Reserve, meadow ecosystems, effectiveness of conservation, biodiversity, secondary succesion
A. Traut–Seliga str. 170
Postawy studentów wobec odpowiedzialności firm za środowisko
ATTITUDES OF STUDENTS TOWARD ENVIRONMENTAL CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
Most
of the economic actions cause environmental consequences because they
take place in the natural surroundings. In the commercial world the
degradation of the environment is growing. In order to stop this process
the changing of attitudes and behaviours towards the environment is
required. Attitudes of the future generation, especially graduated
students of technical universities, will decide about the approach of
the enterprises to the environment. The paper presents the research into
environmental awareness and attitudes of students representing mainly
management studies because their decisions will play an important role
in reducing negative impact on the environment via environmental
responsibility of companies. The results of article point that the
tested students are environmentally aware only on the declarative level
but their actual attitudes and behaviours do not confirm that. The
respondents take mainly the level of salary while choosing the employer.
The quantitative and qualitative methods have been used in the
research. The Spearman correlation analysis and the Mann–Whitney U test
were used for statistical evaluation of the results.
Key words: proecological attitudes, environmental awareness, company.
O. Seroka–Stolka str. 177
Rozwój technologii produkcji, zbioru i przetwarzania roślin energetycznych o zdrewniałych pędach
DEVELOPMENT OF BOTH THE PRODUCTION, HARVESTING AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY OF ENERGETIC PLANTS WITH LIGNEOUS SPROUTS
In
article the agricultural solutions of machines developed in Rzeszow
University of Technology and destined to using in small and medium
plantations of energetic plants have been presented. The developed
machines may be also used in dispersed management of the biomass in
small power cogenerational systems. The presented solutions are based on
undertaken assumption concerning a design of new technical
constructions in presented technology of production of energetic plants
with ligneous sprouts. One of the assumption is destination of machines
for work in small and medium farms where utilization of productive and
expensive machines are uneconomical. The main stages of sludge disposal
and fertilizes on energetic plant plantations, their protection, harvest
and processing with proposal utilization of new machines and
instruments are presented. One of the many conceptual models elaborated
was presented relating to harvester for crop and shred ligneous sprout
of plants and branches. Elaborated harvester is a machine attached to a
farm tractor and power–driven by using power takeoff shaft. This is an
optimal constructional solution taking into consideration high cost of
mobile harvesters and universality of farm tractor which is a basic
source of power drive in small and medium farms produced biomass. To
create a virtual model of harvester the Autodesk Inventor software was
used. Creation of 3D model of machine was allowed to carried out
kinematic and dynamic analysis of mechanisms working. The aim of
presented new constructional solutions of machines is facilitation of
activities connected with establishing, protection and logging of the
biomass particularly plants with ligneous sprouts.
Key words: biomass production, agricultural machines, energetic willow
W. Niemiec, F. Stachowicz, T. Trzepieciński str. 186
Kofermentacja pomiotu kurzego z osadami ściekowymi
CO–DIGESTION OF POULTRY MANURE WITH SEWAGE SLUDGE
A
study of the anaerobic co–digestion of sewage sludge with poultry
manure in a laboratory batch conditions was undertaken. The anaerobic
mesophilic digestion was applied for the treatment of primary and waste
activated sludge from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant in Łódź
together with poultry manure from non–litter layer farming in Zgierz. It
was found that a 20–30% addition of poultry manure (by weight) to the
sludge significantly increased the biogas production of over 30% and
volatile solids reduction of 8–10 percentage points, in comparison to
the experiments with the sludge itself. The co–digestion of that mixture
led to yield around 400 dm3 biogas from 1 kg of organic solids, and to
obtain the organic solids reduction of almost 50%. However, the more
poultry manure was added to the sludge, the larger ammonium nitrogen
concentration in supernatant after digestion was measured.
Key words: co–digestion, biogas, sewage sludge, poultry manure, renewable energy
S. Borowski, J. Domański str. 192
Udział przydroży w zachowaniu lokalnej różnorodności gatunkowej na przykładzie dróg powiatowych w Borach Tucholskich
THE ROADSIDE VERGES SHARE IN THE LOCAL SPECIES DIVERSITY ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE TUCHOLA PINEWOODS COUNTY ROADS
The
paper presents the results of the floristic research carried out on the
roadside verges of the county roads within the borders of Śliwice
commune. Roadside verges flora of this area consists of 185 species of
vascular plants – more than in the neighbouring biocenoses. The species
diversity index ranges from 2 to 2.5 – not much lower than in the
meadows. Among the most frequent species to be found: Festuca rubra,
Achillea millefolium, Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata,
Artemisia vulgaris, Lolium perenne and Elymus repens. Many rare and
protected taxa were also present: Frangula alnus, Helichrysum arenarium,
Ononis spinosa, Arctostaphylos uva–ursi, Convallaria majalis, Epipactis
helleborine, Botrichium lunaria and Botrichium matricariifolium.
Intensive forestation and extensive agriculture in the Tuchola Pinewoods
contribute to high conservation value of the region. The roadside
verges have become specific and unique habitats in the forest landscape.
Due to rich flora, large stock of rare and protected species, in
addition to high diversity of each investigated plot, the roadside
verges have turned into a significant element of the local biodiversity.
Key words: roadside verges, flora, Tuchola Pinewoods, species diversity, rare species
T. Stosik str. 197