Wpływ rodzaju lodów familijnych na zmiany ich cech podczas przechowywania
INFLUENCE OF TYPE OF FAMILY SIZE ICE CREAM ON CHANGES OF THEIR PROPERTIES DURING STORAGE
Ice
storage studies of family–size ice cream of vanilla and chocolate
flavors, produced by two manufacturers, were conducted. The research
material was stored for 360 days in three different temperature
variations. Conversion quality rated on the basis of performed every 30
days organoleptic assessment, determination of fluffiness, acidity, dry
matter content and melting. With the exception of fluffiness differences
were found between the importance of the investigated characteristics
of family–size ice cream undergoing tests, according to their
manufacturer. Rated ice cream had a high level of quality.
Key words: ice cream, storage, temperature fluctuation, quality changes, analysis of variance
A. Palka, P. Palich str. 51
Natężenie emisji wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych (WWA) na krajowych autostradach
EMISSION INTENSITY OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) ON NATIONAL MOTORWAYS
The
increased road transport connected with an increase in the number of
vehicles and new high capacity transit roads generates a new range of
environmental hazards, particularly in the areas where express and
motorways are located. This work presents a comparison of PAHs emission
activity on selected sections of national motorways. The release of PAHs
(BaP, BbF, BkF and IcdP) in fuel combustion processes and tyre wear
were taken into account. The fallout of PAHs in a 200 meter roadside
strip was estimated to assess potential contamination of the grounds
located along the transport routes under investigation.
Key words: PAHs, emission intensity, road transport, highways
R. Świetlik, M. Strzelecka, J. Odzimek str. 55
Opalanie paliwami odpadowymi kotłów energetycznych
FIRING THE POWER BOILERS WITH THE WASTE FUEL
Solid
biomass is currently the largest source of renewable energy in Poland.
The basic methods of using biomass in power plants are carried out by
its incineration (as a primary fuel) or co–firing with another
alternative fuel. Preparation of special fuels based on waste
(briquettes, pellets, etc.) is also involved. The problem of the energy
use of biomass coming from the municipal waste is particularly relevant
in terms of Polish obligations arising from the Accession Treaty and the
law on waste, concerning reduction of landfilling of biodegradable
waste and form a biomass classified as a renewable energy source (RES).
However,
the so far applied technology of waste incineration in power boilers
equipped with various types of grates does not provide a complete
ecological safety. Because the incineration process form ash and slag
that may contain up to 30% of combustible material. The received ash
therefore should be stored further on or further utilized. The performed
studies of the basic physicochemical and kinetic properties of the main
morphological types of municipal waste have shown that the effect of
total and complete combustion of municipal waste in boilers equipped
with various types of grates is not possible to obtain.
Key words: Municipal waste, biomass, thermal utilization, boiler
H. Karcz, S. Szczepaniak, M. Kantorek, P. Dziugan, K. Wierzbicki str. 62
The
impact of assessment of post used wind power plant plastics and
materials on the environment and human health – part II: the research
results
OCENA WPŁYWU TWORZYW I MATERIAŁÓW POUŻYTKOWYCH ELEKTROWNI
WIATROWYCH NA ŚRODOWISKO NATURALNE I ZDROWIE CZŁOWIEKA – CZĘŚĆ II:
WYNIKI BADAŃ
W opracowaniu przedstawiono ekologiczną ocenę
wpływu tworzyw, materiałów i elementów poużytkowych, stosowanych w
elektrowniach wiatrowych, na zdrowie człowieka oraz środowisko
naturalne. Analiza cyklu życia została przeprowadzona wg standardu
metody LCA (Life Cycle Assesment) i wykorzystaniu programu komputerowego
SimaPro 7.1. Dokonano oceny wpływu konstrukcji, produkcji, eksploatacji
oraz zagospodarowania poużytkowego elektrowni wiatrowych na środowisko
naturalne i zdrowie człowieka. Przeprowadzono badania na przykładzie
elektrowni Gamesa G90 – 2 MW i oceniono jej cykl życia, co umożliwiło
przewidzenie środowiskowych skutków koncepcji, konstrukcji, budowy i
działania elektrowni wiatrowych w całym cyklu życia oraz środowiskowych
skutków działania elektrowni wiatrowych.
Słowa kluczowe: LCA, odnawialne źródła energii, potencjał środowiskowy, siłownia wiatrowa, zdrowie człowieka
I. Piasecka str. 78
Problemy rozwoju technologicznego energii odnawialnej
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
In
this article problems in development of energy sourcing technologies
from renewable resources in respect to energy policy anticipations have
been presented, as basic condition of renewable energy development in
Europe is ability to execute targets intended in European Energy Policy.
Main targets of this energy policy are: long term security of energy
supply, higher effectiveness of energy use, reduction of thermo–gas
emission and promotion/supporting of new advanced technologies of energy
production from renewable energy sources. The renewable energy plays
substantial role in strategy of European Energy Policy. Apart from
improvement in effectiveness and in energy supply security, energy
produced from renewable sources contributes to limit climate changes. It
decreases dependence from vulnerable and fast growing prices of
conventional energy sources (petrol, gas, coal), while at the same time
market of technology development sourcing renewable energy contributes
to higher competitiveness. Tendency to increase share of such energy
sources in total electric energy balance requires adequate supporting
systems, which enable development of renewable Technologies.
Polish
energy system stays in front of serious challenges. High demand for
energy, low level of development of energy producing and transporting
infrastructure, high dependence from external supply of gas and petrol,
as well as obligations for environment protection require a need for
steps towards: energy effectiveness increase, guarantee of energy
sourcing security and limitation of climate changes. Development of
renewable energy technologies and adequate supporting mechanisms
addressed to renewable energy producers should result in effective
execution of intended targets of Energy Policy.
Key words: renewable energy, technological development
J. Czerna–Grygiel str. 86