Recykling krzemu w przemyśle fotowoltaicznym
RECYCLING OF SILICON IN THE PV INDUSTRY
Currently,
silicon is the most commonly used material for the photovoltaic devices
manufacturing, which are able to directly convert the sun energy into
electricity. However, the problem is in the high cost of manufacturing
the pure silicon, suitable for the photovoltaic industry. Devising the
effective methods for the efficient waste management, which are
generated at every stage of production, allows the recyclable materials
recovering. Re–use of recycled materials will give ecological and
economic benefit, improving balance of raw materials. Repeated use of
recyclable materials allows to energy saving and to cover the still
increasing demand for silicon, saving the primary material.
Key words: recycling of PV cells, PV modules recycling, reclamation of silicon, silicon waste
E. Radziemska, P. Ostrowski str. 47
Dobowy przebieg wybranych wskaźników biometeorologicznych w różnych masach powietrza w Bydgoszczy
Daily course of chosen biometeorological indices in different air masses in Bydgoszcz
The
aim of the paper was to investigate the daily course of chosen
biometeorological indices in different air masses in Bydgoszcz in
January and July. On the basis of the data collected from 2002 to 2007
by automatic meteorological station, situated in the west side of
Bydgoszcz, STI (Subjective Temperature Index), PhS (Physiological
Strain), Iclp (Insulation Predicted) and MHR (Accepted level of physical
activity) was calculated. Six kinds of air masses were assumed: arctic
air (PA), maritime polar air (PPm), old–maritime polar air (PPms),
warm–maritime polar air (PPmc), continental polar air (PPk) and tropical
air (PZ).
Key words: biometeorology, biometeorological indices, daily course, air masses, Bydgoszcz.
M. Bąkowska, M. Więcław str. 53
Zmienność fauny bentosowej w systemie rzeczno–jeziornym w aspekcie zróżnicowania warunków siedliskowych
VARIABILITY OF MACROZOOBENTHOS IN A RIVER–LAKE SYSTEM IN ASPECT OF HABITATS DIFFERENTIATION
This
paper presents the results of a two–year study (2006–2007) on
qualitative and quantitative research of macrozoobenthos, especially a
spatial variability and domination structure in the Płociczna River
(Drawa National Park). The influence of the physical features of
habitats (character of water flow, type of bottom sediment) and the
chemical parameters of water on bottom fauna in river–lake system was
analyzed. The investigations involved three lentic (upper course of
river) and two lotic (lower river) habitats. The long river profile was
strongly differentiated – from sections with the laminar flow and
sand–silty bottom sediments (station 1–3) to turbulent flow with
gravel–stony sediments (station 4–5). A total of 16 groups of
macrozoobenthos were identified. Taxa representing Bivalvia,
Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera and Diptera belonged to the most frequently
occurring organisms. In lower course of river the domination of Bivalvia
was stated with Unio tumidus and invasive species Dreissena polymorpha
(Pall.). Within the river course the increase of abundance was recorded
along with a decrease of Shannon biodiversity index. An analysis of
water chemistry indicated a systematic purification of the river in
river–lake system, which was reflected in the reduction of mineral
components and suspended matter.
Key words: river–lake system, macrozoobenthos, domination structure, biodiversity, habitat, water chemistry
T. Joniak, P. Domek, T. Sobczyński str. 60
Inaktywacja
mikroorganizmów wskaźnikowych jako element oceny efektywności
higienizacyjnej procesu kompostowania osadów ściekowych
ASSESSMENT OF THE INDICATOR MICROORGANISMS INACTIVATION FOR DETERMINATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE COMPOSTING HYGIENIC EFFICIENCY
The
aim of the investigation was the analysis of the hygienic efficiency of
sewage sludge composting process. The research was conducted in two
experimental cycles. The evaluation of composting sufficiency was based
on the elimination rate of indicator bacteria isolated from the pile.
The total number of bacteria, spore–forming bacteria and fungi was also
analyzed. The results of the experiment proved significant influence of
the composting process on the indicators population.The coli rods were
eliminated from the pile environment after 52 days in the spring cycle,
and after 37 days in the second, summer experimental cycle. Enterococci
showed lower, than E. coli, suscebility to the inhibitory effect of
the composting process and were totally inactivated only in the upper
and central parts of the windrow during the summer cycle. The total
number of bacteria was constant during the process and remained at the
level 106 – 108 cfu·g–1. The population of spore–forming bacteria was
not affected by the pile environment and ranged between 104 – 106
cfu·g–1. The number odf fungi decreased during the process to 101 – 102
cfu·g–1.
Key words: Escherichia coli, enterococci, sewage sludge, composting, indicator microorganisms
J. Bauza–Kaszewska, Z. Paluszak str. 65
Zawartość Cs–137 w wybranych ekosystemach leśnych w Polsce
CS–137 CONTENT IN GIVEN ECOSYSTEM FOREST IN POLAND
In
the paper the results Cs–137 at some region of Poland were presented.
As bioindicator Cs–137 content can one to involve the spruce needles,
dwarf mountain pine, mosses, lichens and mushrooms.
The concentration of Cs–137 were determined by mean layer of AMP (phosphoromolibdate ammonium).
The
samples were collected near town Siedlce. Cs–137 contents in mosses and
lichens changed from 3,4 Bq/kg to 343 Bq/kg and from 3,6 Bq/kg to
174 Bq/kg. In the period of investigation fallout of Cs–137 was equal
74 Bq/m2mounth in Tatra Mountains and at Karkonosze Mountain likely
about 82 Bq/m2mounth. The average Cs–137 radioactivity in mushrooms,
mosses, lichens were different in relation to their species. The average
Cs–137 contents was higher of altitude place site. Moreover on the
mountain areas Cs–137 radioactivity was higher in comparison to Baltic
Region.
Key words: Cs–137, radioactivity, spruce needles, dwarf mountain pine, lichens, mosses, mushrooms
J. Kwapuliński, A. Fischer, E. Królak, D. Grieger, M. Surma str. 70
Wpływ
wybranych czynników fizycznych i chemicznych oraz rodzaju
kompostowanych bioodpadów na rozwój i liczebność grzybów pleśniowych
INFLUENCE
OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONDITIONS AND THE KIND OF COMPOSTING
BIOWASTES ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND THE NUMBER OD MOULD FUNGI
The paper
presents microbiological the sewage sludge characteristics from the
sewage treatment plant, in control conditions with biowastes (straw,
sawdust, bark, hemp). In experiment the material was mixed in the
appropriate weight proportions and located in bioreactor chambers with
the constant air flow. The performed composting process aimed at the
determination of the developement dynamics of mesophilic and
thermophilic fungi (mould) in sewage sludge, composted with different
additions in a cybernetic bioreactor. Compost samples were taken for
laboratory analysis with reference to the same temperature value.
Microbiological analysis were carried out on selective medium using the
plate method.
It was estimated that the composition of compost
interact with the number of mesophilic and thermophilic fungi while
composting process. Existance of relation between the decrease of
microorganisms number and increase of T and pH of composts.
Key words: fungi, sewage sludge, biowastes, compost, bioreactor
A. Wolna–Maruwka str. 75
Rola parametrów biotycznych i abiotycznych w ocenie stanu ekologicznego jezior Ziemi Lubuskiej
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC PARAMETERS IN THE ASSESSMENT OF THE ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF LUBUSKIE REGION LAKES
In
the years 2002–2005 30 lakes of varied morphometric features were
investigated on the area of Lubuskie Lakeland (mid–Western Poland). The
aim of the study was to recognize the applicability of selected
biological and habitat traits for the assessment of the ecological
status of lakes, as well as to characterize the importance of
interrelations between the individual elements of the lake ecosystems.
In each lake the basic habitat traits and phytocoenotic diversity of
vegetation, as well as the phytoplankton biomass, were characterized.
The results show that in some particular lakes the potential ecological
status may be more influenced by the intrabiocoenotic relationships than
individual elements of the lake ecosystems.
Key words: ecological status, lakes, biotic and abiotic parameters, Lubuskie Region
A. Pukacz, M. Pełechaty, A. Pełechata str. 81